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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ext (Mathematik)</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><p><b>Ext</b> ist ein <a href="Bifunktor" class="mw-redirect" title="Bifunktor">Bifunktor</a>, der in der <a href="Homologische_Algebra" title="Homologische Algebra">homologischen Algebra</a> eine zentrale Rolle spielt.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2></div>
<p>Sei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {A}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">A</mi>
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</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {A}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/280ae03440942ab348c2ca9b8db6b56ffa9618f8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.903ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {A}}}" loading="lazy"></span> eine <a href="Abelsche_Kategorie" title="Abelsche Kategorie">abelsche Kategorie</a>, zum Beispiel die Kategorie der <a href="Modul_(Mathematik)" title="Modul (Mathematik)">Moduln</a> eines <a href="Ring_(Algebra)" title="Ring (Algebra)">Ringes</a>, die nach dem <a href="Einbettungssatz_von_Mitchell" title="Einbettungssatz von Mitchell">Einbettungssatz von Mitchell</a> das Standardbeispiel ist. Zu zwei Objekten <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>X</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/68baa052181f707c662844a465bfeeb135e82bab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.98ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Z}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Z</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Z}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1cc6b75e09a8aa3f04d8584b11db534f88fb56bd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.68ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Z}" loading="lazy"></span> aus <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {A}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">A</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {A}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/280ae03440942ab348c2ca9b8db6b56ffa9618f8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.903ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {A}}}" loading="lazy"></span> sei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">E</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9c298ed828ff778065aeb5f0f305097f55bb9ae0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.311ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}}" loading="lazy"></span> die Klasse der kurzen <a href="Exakte_Sequenz" title="Exakte Sequenz">exakten Sequenzen</a> der Form
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0\rightarrow X\rightarrow Y\rightarrow Z\rightarrow 0.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>Y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>Z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mn>0.</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0\rightarrow X\rightarrow Y\rightarrow Z\rightarrow 0.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/770674a567325a012dea73db16d0a956e1aaae06.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:22.862ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0\rightarrow X\rightarrow Y\rightarrow Z\rightarrow 0.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Auf <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">E</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9c298ed828ff778065aeb5f0f305097f55bb9ae0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.311ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}}" loading="lazy"></span> wird nun eine <a href="%C3%84quivalenzrelation" title="Äquivalenzrelation">Äquivalenzrelation</a> definiert. Zwei exakte Sequenzen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0\rightarrow X\rightarrow Y\rightarrow Z\rightarrow 0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>Y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>Z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0\rightarrow X\rightarrow Y\rightarrow Z\rightarrow 0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bb6a9a19757dfb0c000a99d0ae4d97a8a87aacf9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:22.215ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0\rightarrow X\rightarrow Y\rightarrow Z\rightarrow 0}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0\rightarrow X\rightarrow Y'\rightarrow Z\rightarrow 0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>Y</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>Z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0\rightarrow X\rightarrow Y'\rightarrow Z\rightarrow 0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ed8de6e8ada329e87b6b3c0671ce3733097c3d38.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:23.027ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0\rightarrow X\rightarrow Y'\rightarrow Z\rightarrow 0}" loading="lazy"></span> sind äquivalent, wenn es einen <a href="Morphismus" title="Morphismus">Morphismus</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g\colon Y\to Y'}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>g</mi>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mi>Y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>Y</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g\colon Y\to Y'}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9bbbaaee5e7df403f409390ef37dcb66163c0cef.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:10.122ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g\colon Y\to Y'}" loading="lazy"></span> gibt, so dass das Diagramm
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}0&\to &X&\to &Y&\to &Z&\to &0\\&&\downarrow \operatorname {id} &&\downarrow g&&\downarrow \operatorname {id} \\0&\to &X&\to &Y'&\to &Z&\to &0\end{matrix}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi>X</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi>Y</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi>Z</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mo stretchy="false">↓<!-- ↓ --></mo>
<mi>id</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mo stretchy="false">↓<!-- ↓ --></mo>
<mi>g</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mo stretchy="false">↓<!-- ↓ --></mo>
<mi>id</mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi>X</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<msup>
<mi>Y</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi>Z</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}0&\to &X&\to &Y&\to &Z&\to &0\\&&\downarrow \operatorname {id} &&\downarrow g&&\downarrow \operatorname {id} \\0&\to &X&\to &Y'&\to &Z&\to &0\end{matrix}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ac01cf3aeba5d674363f755b6d56e874e760e1b4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.171ex; width:41.37ex; height:9.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}0&\to &X&\to &Y&\to &Z&\to &0\\&&\downarrow \operatorname {id} &&\downarrow g&&\downarrow \operatorname {id} \\0&\to &X&\to &Y'&\to &Z&\to &0\end{matrix}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>kommutiert. Dabei ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \operatorname {id} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>id</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \operatorname {id} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d05c35f453dbbea25a4ed64dce60be8931827d34.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.939ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \operatorname {id} }" loading="lazy"></span> der <a href="Identische_Abbildung" title="Identische Abbildung">identische</a> Morphismus.
</p><p>Aus dem <a href="F%C3%BCnferlemma" title="Fünferlemma">Fünferlemma</a> folgt sofort, dass wenn es solch einen Morphismus <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>g</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d3556280e66fe2c0d0140df20935a6f057381d77.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.116ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g}" loading="lazy"></span> gibt, dieser ein <a href="Isomorphismus" title="Isomorphismus">Isomorphismus</a> sein muss. Die Klasse <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">E</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9c298ed828ff778065aeb5f0f305097f55bb9ae0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.311ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}}" loading="lazy"></span> modulo dieser Äquivalenzrelation ist eine Menge und wird mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {Ext} (Z,X)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>Z</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {Ext} (Z,X)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7dc0c56b54ffaae8d86470e6c3c5560a15fa7565.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.219ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {Ext} (Z,X)}" loading="lazy"></span> bezeichnet. Auf dieser Menge lässt sich eine Gruppenstruktur definieren.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Funktorialität"><span id="Funktorialit.C3.A4t"></span>Funktorialität</h2></div>
<p>Morphismen in der abelschen Kategorie induzieren auf folgende Weise Morphismen zwischen den Ext-Gruppen, so dass <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {Ext} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {Ext} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9d62c5fa7a8cff017d6febd4d585be1f0bcd2799.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.715ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {Ext} }" loading="lazy"></span> zu einem zweistelligen Funktor wird.
</p><p>Zu <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g\colon X\to X'}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>g</mi>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g\colon X\to X'}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/36bf51ea216a2f013de144a61ba0e1650195f950.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:10.426ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g\colon X\to X'}" loading="lazy"></span> und der Sequenz <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0\rightarrow X\rightarrow Y\rightarrow Z\rightarrow 0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>Y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>Z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0\rightarrow X\rightarrow Y\rightarrow Z\rightarrow 0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bb6a9a19757dfb0c000a99d0ae4d97a8a87aacf9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:22.215ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0\rightarrow X\rightarrow Y\rightarrow Z\rightarrow 0}" loading="lazy"></span> kann man den <a href="Pushout" title="Pushout">Push-out</a> bilden:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}0&\to &X&\to &Y&\to &Z&\to &0\\&&\downarrow g&&\downarrow &&\\0&\to &X'&\to &Y'\end{matrix}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi>X</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi>Y</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi>Z</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mo stretchy="false">↓<!-- ↓ --></mo>
<mi>g</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mo stretchy="false">↓<!-- ↓ --></mo>
</mtd>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd></mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<msup>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<msup>
<mi>Y</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}0&\to &X&\to &Y&\to &Z&\to &0\\&&\downarrow g&&\downarrow &&\\0&\to &X'&\to &Y'\end{matrix}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f74f68b04a3103df2cad479c731ccca0bd6ed357.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.171ex; width:38.141ex; height:9.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}0&\to &X&\to &Y&\to &Z&\to &0\\&&\downarrow g&&\downarrow &&\\0&\to &X'&\to &Y'\end{matrix}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Wegen der <a href="Universelle_Eigenschaft" title="Universelle Eigenschaft">universellen Eigenschaft</a> des Push-outs gibt es einen induzierten Epimorphismus von Y' nach Z, so dass das folgende Diagramm kommutiert:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}0&\to &X&\to &Y&\to &Z&\to &0\\&&\downarrow g&&\downarrow &&\downarrow \operatorname {id} \\0&\to &X'&\to &Y'&\to &Z&\to &0\end{matrix}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi>X</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi>Y</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi>Z</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mo stretchy="false">↓<!-- ↓ --></mo>
<mi>g</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mo stretchy="false">↓<!-- ↓ --></mo>
</mtd>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mo stretchy="false">↓<!-- ↓ --></mo>
<mi>id</mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<msup>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<msup>
<mi>Y</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi>Z</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}0&\to &X&\to &Y&\to &Z&\to &0\\&&\downarrow g&&\downarrow &&\downarrow \operatorname {id} \\0&\to &X'&\to &Y'&\to &Z&\to &0\end{matrix}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f86a2a7be6b38e4537f319e2a96cb0ef28247375.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.171ex; width:40.208ex; height:9.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}0&\to &X&\to &Y&\to &Z&\to &0\\&&\downarrow g&&\downarrow &&\downarrow \operatorname {id} \\0&\to &X'&\to &Y'&\to &Z&\to &0\end{matrix}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Dabei ist die untere Zeile ebenfalls exakt und ihre Äquivalenzklasse somit ein Element in <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {Ext} (Z,X')}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>Z</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<msup>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {Ext} (Z,X')}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0274f74e81264c3aa712b97dfee6830251be6c7c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.92ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {Ext} (Z,X')}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p><p>Bildet man die Äquivalenzklasse von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0\rightarrow X\rightarrow Y\rightarrow Z\rightarrow 0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>Y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>Z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0\rightarrow X\rightarrow Y\rightarrow Z\rightarrow 0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bb6a9a19757dfb0c000a99d0ae4d97a8a87aacf9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:22.215ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0\rightarrow X\rightarrow Y\rightarrow Z\rightarrow 0}" loading="lazy"></span> auf die Äquivalenzklasse von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0\rightarrow X'\rightarrow Y'\rightarrow Z\rightarrow 0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>Y</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>Z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0\rightarrow X'\rightarrow Y'\rightarrow Z\rightarrow 0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/069e148b415582116b9bbc581dfdcb37ce9cee36.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:23.728ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0\rightarrow X'\rightarrow Y'\rightarrow Z\rightarrow 0}" loading="lazy"></span> ab, so erhält man einen wohldefinierten Gruppenhomomorphismus <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {Ext} (Z,X)\rightarrow \mathrm {Ext} (Z,X')}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>Z</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>Z</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<msup>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {Ext} (Z,X)\rightarrow \mathrm {Ext} (Z,X')}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c21e2c04438171b12ca3539a296945576c37ad01.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:24.753ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {Ext} (Z,X)\rightarrow \mathrm {Ext} (Z,X')}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p><p>Dual funktioniert das auch mit Morphismen von Z' nach Z. Zu <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g\colon Z'\to Z}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>g</mi>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>Z</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>Z</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g\colon Z'\to Z}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f41b7b83ac5a143d444aaca07595eab23021e315.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.838ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g\colon Z'\to Z}" loading="lazy"></span> und der Sequenz <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0\rightarrow X\rightarrow Y\rightarrow Z\rightarrow 0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>Y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>Z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0\rightarrow X\rightarrow Y\rightarrow Z\rightarrow 0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bb6a9a19757dfb0c000a99d0ae4d97a8a87aacf9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:22.215ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0\rightarrow X\rightarrow Y\rightarrow Z\rightarrow 0}" loading="lazy"></span> kann man folgenden <a href="Faserprodukt" title="Faserprodukt">Pull-back</a> bilden:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}&&&&Y'&\to &Z'&\to &0\\&&&&\downarrow &&\downarrow g\\0&\to &X&\to &Y&\to &Z&\to &0\end{matrix}}.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<msup>
<mi>Y</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<msup>
<mi>Z</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mo stretchy="false">↓<!-- ↓ --></mo>
</mtd>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mo stretchy="false">↓<!-- ↓ --></mo>
<mi>g</mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi>X</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi>Y</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi>Z</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}&&&&Y'&\to &Z'&\to &0\\&&&&\downarrow &&\downarrow g\\0&\to &X&\to &Y&\to &Z&\to &0\end{matrix}}.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d70f3cc3055b2ac7edff1677e79c7f73673eab27.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.171ex; width:39.088ex; height:9.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}&&&&Y'&\to &Z'&\to &0\\&&&&\downarrow &&\downarrow g\\0&\to &X&\to &Y&\to &Z&\to &0\end{matrix}}.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Wegen der universellen Eigenschaft des Pull-backs gibt es einen induzierten Monomorphismus von X nach Y', so dass das folgende Diagramm kommutiert:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}0&\to &X&\to &Y'&\to &Z'&\to &0\\&&\downarrow \operatorname {id} &&\downarrow &&\downarrow g\\0&\to &X&\to &Y&\to &Z&\to &0\end{matrix}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi>X</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<msup>
<mi>Y</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<msup>
<mi>Z</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mo stretchy="false">↓<!-- ↓ --></mo>
<mi>id</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mo stretchy="false">↓<!-- ↓ --></mo>
</mtd>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mo stretchy="false">↓<!-- ↓ --></mo>
<mi>g</mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi>X</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi>Y</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi>Z</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}0&\to &X&\to &Y'&\to &Z'&\to &0\\&&\downarrow \operatorname {id} &&\downarrow &&\downarrow g\\0&\to &X&\to &Y&\to &Z&\to &0\end{matrix}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/62ca2073f7d763c810e0fd4462016757d4bc3645.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.171ex; width:40.208ex; height:9.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}0&\to &X&\to &Y'&\to &Z'&\to &0\\&&\downarrow \operatorname {id} &&\downarrow &&\downarrow g\\0&\to &X&\to &Y&\to &Z&\to &0\end{matrix}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Dabei ist die obere Zeile ebenfalls exakt und definiert somit ein Element in <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {Ext} (Z',X)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>Z</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {Ext} (Z',X)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b458ddaf0a4b6606abb959bc41f274240febfae7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.931ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {Ext} (Z',X)}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p><p>Bildet man die Äquivalenzklasse von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0\rightarrow X\rightarrow Y\rightarrow Z\rightarrow 0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>Y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>Z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0\rightarrow X\rightarrow Y\rightarrow Z\rightarrow 0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bb6a9a19757dfb0c000a99d0ae4d97a8a87aacf9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:22.215ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0\rightarrow X\rightarrow Y\rightarrow Z\rightarrow 0}" loading="lazy"></span> auf die Äquivalenzklasse von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0\rightarrow X\rightarrow Y'\rightarrow Z'\rightarrow 0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>Y</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>Z</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0\rightarrow X\rightarrow Y'\rightarrow Z'\rightarrow 0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a2a359a90b019e066976773e75aac0ed615af768.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:23.739ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0\rightarrow X\rightarrow Y'\rightarrow Z'\rightarrow 0}" loading="lazy"></span> ab, so erhält man wieder einen wohldefinierten Gruppenhomomorphismus <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {Ext} (Z,X)\rightarrow \mathrm {Ext} (Z',X)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>Z</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>Z</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {Ext} (Z,X)\rightarrow \mathrm {Ext} (Z',X)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/dfb06ab3138bc0c1d0540a6cadf27a6765f3827b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:24.764ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {Ext} (Z,X)\rightarrow \mathrm {Ext} (Z',X)}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ext_als_Ableitung_des_Hom-Funktors">Ext als Ableitung des Hom-Funktors</h2></div>
<p>Eine andere Möglichkeit der Definition verwendet die <a href="Abgeleiteter_Funktor" title="Abgeleiteter Funktor">abgeleiteten Funktoren</a> von <a href="Hom-Funktor" title="Hom-Funktor">Hom</a>. Die oben definierte Konstruktion kann mit der ersten Rechtsableitung des Hom-Funktors identifiziert werden.
</p><p>Genauer betrachtet man eine abelsche Kategorie mit ausreichend vielen projektiven Objekten (d. h. jedes Objekt ist Quotient eines projektiven Objektes) den kontravarianten Funktor <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {Hom} (-,X)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {Hom} (-,X)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a922a677d0c45e2086665bf60d4b4bb7a5cdee07.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.473ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {Hom} (-,X)}" loading="lazy"></span> und definiert
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {Ext} ^{n}(Z,X):=R_{n}\mathrm {Hom} (-,X)(Z)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>Z</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>:=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>R</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>Z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {Ext} ^{n}(Z,X):=R_{n}\mathrm {Hom} (-,X)(Z)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8d2ef590d8ed069211523292091c13a6531836c7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:33.127ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {Ext} ^{n}(Z,X):=R_{n}\mathrm {Hom} (-,X)(Z)}" loading="lazy"></span>,</dd></dl>
<p>das heißt man bildet die <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" loading="lazy"></span>-te Rechtsableitung von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {Hom} (-,X)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {Hom} (-,X)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a922a677d0c45e2086665bf60d4b4bb7a5cdee07.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.473ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {Hom} (-,X)}" loading="lazy"></span> und wendet den so entstandenen Funktor auf <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Z}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Z</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Z}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1cc6b75e09a8aa3f04d8584b11db534f88fb56bd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.68ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Z}" loading="lazy"></span> an.
</p><p>Etwas konkreter bedeutet das folgendes: Es sei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n\geq 1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>≥<!-- ≥ --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n\geq 1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d8ce9ce38d06f6bf5a3fe063118c09c2b6202bfe.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:5.656ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n\geq 1}" loading="lazy"></span> und
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{array}{ccccc}\ldots \rightarrow &P_{n}&\rightarrow &P_{n-1}&\rightarrow \ldots \rightarrow Z\rightarrow 0\\&\lambda _{n}\downarrow &\nearrow \kappa _{n}\\&K_{n}\end{array}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtable columnalign="center center center center center" rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>Z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">↓<!-- ↓ --></mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo stretchy="false">↗<!-- ↗ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>κ<!-- κ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>K</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{array}{ccccc}\ldots \rightarrow &P_{n}&\rightarrow &P_{n-1}&\rightarrow \ldots \rightarrow Z\rightarrow 0\\&\lambda _{n}\downarrow &\nearrow \kappa _{n}\\&K_{n}\end{array}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1fe4e4f53c8697ddead33b7c7d7368e9eb7b7a37.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.171ex; width:46.216ex; height:9.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{array}{ccccc}\ldots \rightarrow &P_{n}&\rightarrow &P_{n-1}&\rightarrow \ldots \rightarrow Z\rightarrow 0\\&\lambda _{n}\downarrow &\nearrow \kappa _{n}\\&K_{n}\end{array}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>eine <a href="Projektive_Aufl%C3%B6sung" title="Projektive Auflösung">projektive Auflösung</a> von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Z}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Z</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Z}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1cc6b75e09a8aa3f04d8584b11db534f88fb56bd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.68ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Z}" loading="lazy"></span> mit einem <a href="Epimorphismus" title="Epimorphismus">Epimorphismus</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lambda _{n}:P_{n}\rightarrow K_{n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>:</mo>
<msub>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>K</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lambda _{n}:P_{n}\rightarrow K_{n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a8429f0aafc30590b1a47c6b195c09cfc1c84bf1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:14.027ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lambda _{n}:P_{n}\rightarrow K_{n}}" loading="lazy"></span> und einem <a href="Monomorphismus" title="Monomorphismus">Monomorphismus</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \kappa _{n}:K_{n}\rightarrow P_{n-1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>κ<!-- κ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>:</mo>
<msub>
<mi>K</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \kappa _{n}:K_{n}\rightarrow P_{n-1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e159328b43a00a23dbda84a96f95460fec465338.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:16.111ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \kappa _{n}:K_{n}\rightarrow P_{n-1}}" loading="lazy"></span>, so dass <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (P_{n}\rightarrow P_{n-1})=\kappa _{n}\circ \lambda _{n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>κ<!-- κ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (P_{n}\rightarrow P_{n-1})=\kappa _{n}\circ \lambda _{n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3552d40dd2116fcaf95cf2bbdd61282836e48a7a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:23.37ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (P_{n}\rightarrow P_{n-1})=\kappa _{n}\circ \lambda _{n}}" loading="lazy"></span>.
Weiter sei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \kappa _{n}^{*}=\mathrm {Hom} (\kappa _{n},X)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msubsup>
<mi>κ<!-- κ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>κ<!-- κ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \kappa _{n}^{*}=\mathrm {Hom} (\kappa _{n},X)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/92fcba686311d65e9f74c7690906b7809264b6b9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:17.878ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \kappa _{n}^{*}=\mathrm {Hom} (\kappa _{n},X)}" loading="lazy"></span> der induzierte Homomorphismus
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \kappa _{n}^{*}:\mathrm {Hom} (P_{n-1},X)\rightarrow \mathrm {Hom} (K_{n},X),\,f\mapsto f\circ \kappa _{n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msubsup>
<mi>κ<!-- κ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>:</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>K</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">↦<!-- ↦ --></mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>κ<!-- κ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \kappa _{n}^{*}:\mathrm {Hom} (P_{n-1},X)\rightarrow \mathrm {Hom} (K_{n},X),\,f\mapsto f\circ \kappa _{n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e000675be86cbf040352d3ddf684c14f1e1fa082.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:47.785ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \kappa _{n}^{*}:\mathrm {Hom} (P_{n-1},X)\rightarrow \mathrm {Hom} (K_{n},X),\,f\mapsto f\circ \kappa _{n}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Dann ist
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {Ext} ^{n}(Z,X)\cong \mathrm {coker} (\kappa _{n}^{*})=\mathrm {Hom} (K_{n},X)/\kappa _{n}^{*}(\mathrm {Hom} (P_{n-1},X))}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>Z</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>≅<!-- ≅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">k</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>κ<!-- κ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>K</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<msubsup>
<mi>κ<!-- κ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {Ext} ^{n}(Z,X)\cong \mathrm {coker} (\kappa _{n}^{*})=\mathrm {Hom} (K_{n},X)/\kappa _{n}^{*}(\mathrm {Hom} (P_{n-1},X))}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/73316ff324ac6a90ef24bf9ab6f15b33bb73b06e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:60.228ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {Ext} ^{n}(Z,X)\cong \mathrm {coker} (\kappa _{n}^{*})=\mathrm {Hom} (K_{n},X)/\kappa _{n}^{*}(\mathrm {Hom} (P_{n-1},X))}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Die Elemente aus <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {Ext} ^{n}(Z,X)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>Z</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {Ext} ^{n}(Z,X)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/45eda596d58681c7baab8ae890c1757bd196439f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.437ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {Ext} ^{n}(Z,X)}" loading="lazy"></span> sind also gewisse Äquivalenzklassen von Elementen aus <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {Hom} (K_{n},X)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>K</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {Hom} (K_{n},X)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fbdc06c1ef9ea44210031ea9ece77d9206084936.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:12.856ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {Hom} (K_{n},X)}" loading="lazy"></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Schließlich sei darauf hingewiesen, dass man die Rollen von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>X</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/68baa052181f707c662844a465bfeeb135e82bab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.98ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Z}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Z</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Z}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1cc6b75e09a8aa3f04d8584b11db534f88fb56bd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.68ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Z}" loading="lazy"></span> auch vertauschen kann, man erhält
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {Ext} ^{n}(Z,X)\cong R_{n}\mathrm {Hom} (Z,-)(X)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>Z</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>≅<!-- ≅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>R</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>Z</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {Ext} ^{n}(Z,X)\cong R_{n}\mathrm {Hom} (Z,-)(X)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/81317138ac3c39c99343099afb8b11d28a0b4946.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:32.481ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {Ext} ^{n}(Z,X)\cong R_{n}\mathrm {Hom} (Z,-)(X)}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zusammenhang_zwischen_Ext_und_Ext1">Zusammenhang zwischen Ext und Ext<sup>1</sup></h2></div>
<p>In diesem Abschnitt soll erläutert werden, wie die oben definierten Konstrukte <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {Ext} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {Ext} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9d62c5fa7a8cff017d6febd4d585be1f0bcd2799.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.715ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {Ext} }" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {Ext} ^{1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {Ext} ^{1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a15be2d0ea3753a49ba765084700b13295ca4a99.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.769ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {Ext} ^{1}}" loading="lazy"></span> zusammenhängen. Wir konstruieren eine Abbildung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {Ext} (Z,X)\rightarrow \mathrm {Ext} ^{1}(Z,X)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>Z</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>Z</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {Ext} (Z,X)\rightarrow \mathrm {Ext} ^{1}(Z,X)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b988daf87e3c22f596e71941b788e8bca6cb01e5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:25.106ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {Ext} (Z,X)\rightarrow \mathrm {Ext} ^{1}(Z,X)}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p><p>Sei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0\rightarrow X\rightarrow Y\rightarrow Z\rightarrow 0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>Y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>Z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0\rightarrow X\rightarrow Y\rightarrow Z\rightarrow 0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bb6a9a19757dfb0c000a99d0ae4d97a8a87aacf9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:22.215ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0\rightarrow X\rightarrow Y\rightarrow Z\rightarrow 0}" loading="lazy"></span> eine kurze exakte Sequenz, die ein Element aus <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {Ext} (Z,X)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>Z</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {Ext} (Z,X)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7dc0c56b54ffaae8d86470e6c3c5560a15fa7565.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.219ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {Ext} (Z,X)}" loading="lazy"></span> definiert. Weiter sei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0\rightarrow K\rightarrow P\rightarrow Z\rightarrow 0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>K</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>P</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>Z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0\rightarrow K\rightarrow P\rightarrow Z\rightarrow 0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/95adf5a574c18983d2534b940ad77cd6ed1a7603.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:22.273ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0\rightarrow K\rightarrow P\rightarrow Z\rightarrow 0}" loading="lazy"></span> eine kurze exakte Sequenz mit projektivem <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>P</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b4dc73bf40314945ff376bd363916a738548d40a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.745ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P}" loading="lazy"></span>. Mittels der <a href="Projektivit%C3%A4t" title="Projektivität">Projektivität</a> von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>P</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b4dc73bf40314945ff376bd363916a738548d40a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.745ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P}" loading="lazy"></span> kann man ein kommutatives Diagramm
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{array}{ccccccc}0\rightarrow &K&\rightarrow &P&\rightarrow &Z&\rightarrow 0\\&\downarrow \psi &&\downarrow \varphi &&\Vert \\0\rightarrow &X&\rightarrow &Y&\rightarrow &Z&\rightarrow 0\end{array}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtable columnalign="center center center center center center center" rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi>K</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi>P</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi>Z</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mo stretchy="false">↓<!-- ↓ --></mo>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
</mtd>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mo stretchy="false">↓<!-- ↓ --></mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
</mtd>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi>X</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi>Y</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi>Z</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{array}{ccccccc}0\rightarrow &K&\rightarrow &P&\rightarrow &Z&\rightarrow 0\\&\downarrow \psi &&\downarrow \varphi &&\Vert \\0\rightarrow &X&\rightarrow &Y&\rightarrow &Z&\rightarrow 0\end{array}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/27619489f890919fe5f6155b2b7d37034968cd84.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.171ex; width:35.926ex; height:9.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{array}{ccccccc}0\rightarrow &K&\rightarrow &P&\rightarrow &Z&\rightarrow 0\\&\downarrow \psi &&\downarrow \varphi &&\Vert \\0\rightarrow &X&\rightarrow &Y&\rightarrow &Z&\rightarrow 0\end{array}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>konstruieren.
Dann ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \psi \in \mathrm {Hom} (K,X)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>K</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \psi \in \mathrm {Hom} (K,X)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7355caafe7b589f7e341024e8484348ec04db6c4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:16.084ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \psi \in \mathrm {Hom} (K,X)}" loading="lazy"></span> ein Homomorphismus, dessen Äquivalenzklasse nach obiger Darstellung von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {Ext} ^{n}(Z,X)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>Z</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {Ext} ^{n}(Z,X)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/45eda596d58681c7baab8ae890c1757bd196439f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.437ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {Ext} ^{n}(Z,X)}" loading="lazy"></span> ein Element aus <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {Ext} ^{1}(Z,X)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>Z</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {Ext} ^{1}(Z,X)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/eb09b08fb23116071e882967ba4d66b6e465233e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.273ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {Ext} ^{1}(Z,X)}" loading="lazy"></span> definiert.
</p><p>Bildet man die Äquivalenzklasse von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0\rightarrow X\rightarrow Y\rightarrow Z\rightarrow 0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>Y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>Z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0\rightarrow X\rightarrow Y\rightarrow Z\rightarrow 0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bb6a9a19757dfb0c000a99d0ae4d97a8a87aacf9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:22.215ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0\rightarrow X\rightarrow Y\rightarrow Z\rightarrow 0}" loading="lazy"></span> in <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {Ext} (Z,X)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>Z</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {Ext} (Z,X)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7dc0c56b54ffaae8d86470e6c3c5560a15fa7565.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.219ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {Ext} (Z,X)}" loading="lazy"></span> auf die Äquivalenzklasse von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \psi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \psi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/45e5789e5d9c8f7c79744f43ecaaf8ba42a8553a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.513ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \psi }" loading="lazy"></span> in <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {Ext} ^{1}(Z,X)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>Z</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {Ext} ^{1}(Z,X)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/eb09b08fb23116071e882967ba4d66b6e465233e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.273ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {Ext} ^{1}(Z,X)}" loading="lazy"></span> ab, so erhält man eine wohldefinierte Abbildung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {Ext} (Z,X)\rightarrow \mathrm {Ext} ^{1}(Z,X)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>Z</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>Z</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {Ext} (Z,X)\rightarrow \mathrm {Ext} ^{1}(Z,X)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b988daf87e3c22f596e71941b788e8bca6cb01e5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:25.106ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {Ext} (Z,X)\rightarrow \mathrm {Ext} ^{1}(Z,X)}" loading="lazy"></span>, von der man zeigen kann, dass es sich um einen <a href="Gruppenisomorphismus" title="Gruppenisomorphismus">Gruppenisomorphismus</a> handelt.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Daher kann man <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {Ext} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {Ext} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9d62c5fa7a8cff017d6febd4d585be1f0bcd2799.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.715ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {Ext} }" loading="lazy"></span> mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {Ext} ^{1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {Ext} ^{1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a15be2d0ea3753a49ba765084700b13295ca4a99.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.769ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {Ext} ^{1}}" loading="lazy"></span> identifizieren, das heißt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {Ext} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {Ext} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9d62c5fa7a8cff017d6febd4d585be1f0bcd2799.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.715ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {Ext} }" loading="lazy"></span> kann in diesem Sinne als erste Rechtsableitung des <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {Hom} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {Hom} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/eea3aafc91ebbd147d45c3c69e88431c48cbe9f8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.841ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {Hom} }" loading="lazy"></span>-Funktors definiert werden.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lange_exakte_Sequenz">Lange exakte Sequenz</h2></div>
<p>Der Hom-Funktor ist <a href="Linksexakt" class="mw-redirect" title="Linksexakt">linksexakt</a>, das heißt für eine kurze exakte Sequenz
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0\rightarrow X\rightarrow Y\rightarrow Z\rightarrow 0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>Y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>Z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0\rightarrow X\rightarrow Y\rightarrow Z\rightarrow 0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bb6a9a19757dfb0c000a99d0ae4d97a8a87aacf9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:22.215ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0\rightarrow X\rightarrow Y\rightarrow Z\rightarrow 0}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>und ein weiteres Objekt (Modul) <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span> hat man eine exakte Sequenz
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0\rightarrow \mathrm {Hom} (A,X)\rightarrow \mathrm {Hom} (A,Y)\rightarrow \mathrm {Hom} (A,Z)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
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<mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>Y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
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<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>Z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0\rightarrow \mathrm {Hom} (A,X)\rightarrow \mathrm {Hom} (A,Y)\rightarrow \mathrm {Hom} (A,Z)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4ca461dbe1b336f6617b68e753ccd2f8c2ab21e8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:45.722ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0\rightarrow \mathrm {Hom} (A,X)\rightarrow \mathrm {Hom} (A,Y)\rightarrow \mathrm {Hom} (A,Z)}" loading="lazy"></span>,</dd></dl>
<p>und diese lässt sich im Allgemeinen nicht exakt mit 0 fortsetzen.
Wegen der Linksexaktheit stimmt die 0-te Ableitung des Hom-Funktors mit Hom überein, das heißt, wenn man obige Definition von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {Ext} ^{n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {Ext} ^{n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8953905d9d0ef86217cde0c3728c4f00b72c4860.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.933ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {Ext} ^{n}}" loading="lazy"></span> auf <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/26819344e55f5e671c76c07c18eb4291fcec85ae.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.656ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n=0}" loading="lazy"></span> ausdehnt, so hat man <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {Ext} ^{0}=\mathrm {Hom} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {Ext} ^{0}=\mathrm {Hom} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/721150a5670c2117e30b3dad4aaa93762dbb7a30.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:12.709ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {Ext} ^{0}=\mathrm {Hom} }" loading="lazy"></span>.
Die lange exakte Sequenz für abgeleitete <a href="Additiver_Funktor" title="Additiver Funktor">additive Funktoren</a> liefert daher die folgende exakte Sequenz
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0\rightarrow \mathrm {Hom} (A,X)\rightarrow \mathrm {Hom} (A,Y)\rightarrow \mathrm {Hom} (A,Z)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>Y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>Z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0\rightarrow \mathrm {Hom} (A,X)\rightarrow \mathrm {Hom} (A,Y)\rightarrow \mathrm {Hom} (A,Z)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4ca461dbe1b336f6617b68e753ccd2f8c2ab21e8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:45.722ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0\rightarrow \mathrm {Hom} (A,X)\rightarrow \mathrm {Hom} (A,Y)\rightarrow \mathrm {Hom} (A,Z)}" loading="lazy"></span>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rightarrow \mathrm {Ext} ^{1}(A,X)\rightarrow \mathrm {Ext} ^{1}(A,Y)\rightarrow \mathrm {Ext} ^{1}(A,Z)\rightarrow \mathrm {Ext} ^{2}(A,X)\rightarrow \ldots }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>Y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>Z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rightarrow \mathrm {Ext} ^{1}(A,X)\rightarrow \mathrm {Ext} ^{1}(A,Y)\rightarrow \mathrm {Ext} ^{1}(A,Z)\rightarrow \mathrm {Ext} ^{2}(A,X)\rightarrow \ldots }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5d77568411ee2f6323b97f73bd16bddd18aa9975.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:64.984ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rightarrow \mathrm {Ext} ^{1}(A,X)\rightarrow \mathrm {Ext} ^{1}(A,Y)\rightarrow \mathrm {Ext} ^{1}(A,Z)\rightarrow \mathrm {Ext} ^{2}(A,X)\rightarrow \ldots }" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl></dd></dl>
<p>Analog erhält man eine lange exakte Sequenz
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0\rightarrow \mathrm {Hom} (Z,A)\rightarrow \mathrm {Hom} (Y,A)\rightarrow \mathrm {Hom} (X,A)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>Z</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>Y</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0\rightarrow \mathrm {Hom} (Z,A)\rightarrow \mathrm {Hom} (Y,A)\rightarrow \mathrm {Hom} (X,A)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c21bfa5fe918074fcde5b2f306e4215bc9c9e73d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:45.722ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0\rightarrow \mathrm {Hom} (Z,A)\rightarrow \mathrm {Hom} (Y,A)\rightarrow \mathrm {Hom} (X,A)}" loading="lazy"></span>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rightarrow \mathrm {Ext} ^{1}(Z,A)\rightarrow \mathrm {Ext} ^{1}(Y,A)\rightarrow \mathrm {Ext} ^{1}(X,A)\rightarrow \mathrm {Ext} ^{2}(Z,A)\rightarrow \ldots }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>Z</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>Y</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>Z</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rightarrow \mathrm {Ext} ^{1}(Z,A)\rightarrow \mathrm {Ext} ^{1}(Y,A)\rightarrow \mathrm {Ext} ^{1}(X,A)\rightarrow \mathrm {Ext} ^{2}(Z,A)\rightarrow \ldots }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/132a06817b5a8782eb2a80328ac9bec2a511c85c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:64.685ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rightarrow \mathrm {Ext} ^{1}(Z,A)\rightarrow \mathrm {Ext} ^{1}(Y,A)\rightarrow \mathrm {Ext} ^{1}(X,A)\rightarrow \mathrm {Ext} ^{2}(Z,A)\rightarrow \ldots }" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl></dd></dl>
<p>In diesem Sinne schließen die Ext-Funktoren die durch die fehlende Exaktheit des Hom-Funktors entstandene Lücke.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sergei I. Gelfand & Yuri Ivanovich Manin: <i>Homological Algebra</i>, Springer, Berlin, 1999, ISBN 978-3-540-65378-3</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles A. Weibel: <i>An introduction to homological algebra</i>, Cambridge Studies in Advanced Mathematics, 38, Cambridge University Press, 1999, ISBN 978-0-521-55987-4</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Hilton: <i>Lectures in Homological Algebra</i>, American Mathematical Society (2005), ISBN 0-8218-3872-5, Satz 3.13</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Hilton: <i>Lectures in Homological Algebra</i>, American Mathematical Society (2005), ISBN 0-8218-3872-5, Theorem 4.5</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Saunders_Mac_Lane" title="Saunders Mac Lane">Saunders Mac Lane</a>: <i>Homology</i>, Springer <a href="Grundlehren_der_mathematischen_Wissenschaften" title="Grundlehren der mathematischen Wissenschaften">Grundlehren der mathematischen Wissenschaften</a> Band 114 (1967), Kap. III, Theorem 3.4 und Theorem 9.1</span>
</li>
</ol>
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<div class="klappleiste-kopf"><a href="Kategorientheorie" title="Kategorientheorie">Kategorientheorie</a><div class="erweiterte-navigationsleiste-quicklinks" style="float:left; font-weight:normal; font-size:75%; margin-left:1em; margin-right:2em; display:none;"><span title="Vorlage anzeigen">V</span> </div></div>
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<td class="erw-nav-gruppe" style="white-space: nowrap;text-align: right;border: 1px solid transparent;border-top: 1px solid #FFF;border-bottom: 2px solid #FFF;padding: 0 1em;"><b>Einordnung</b>
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<td class="erw-nav-gruppe" style="white-space: nowrap;text-align: right;border: 1px solid transparent;border-top: 1px solid #FFF;border-bottom: 2px solid #FFF;padding: 0 1em;"><b>Typen von Kategorien</b>
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<p><a href="Duale_Kategorie" title="Duale Kategorie">dual</a> | <a href="Diskrete_Kategorie" title="Diskrete Kategorie">diskret</a> | <a href="Kleine_Kategorie" class="mw-redirect" title="Kleine Kategorie">klein</a> | <a href="Lokal_kleine_Kategorie" title="Lokal kleine Kategorie">lokal klein</a> | <a href="Monoidale_Kategorie" title="Monoidale Kategorie">monoidal</a> | <a href="Symmetrische_monoidale_Kategorie" title="Symmetrische monoidale Kategorie">symmetrisch monoidal</a> | <a href="Angereicherte_Kategorie" title="Angereicherte Kategorie">angereichert</a> | <a href="Ausgeglichene_Kategorie" title="Ausgeglichene Kategorie">ausgeglichen</a> | <a href="Erreichbare_Kategorie" title="Erreichbare Kategorie">erreichbar</a> | <a href="Vollst%C3%A4ndige_Kategorie" title="Vollständige Kategorie">vollständig</a> | <a href="Kovollst%C3%A4ndige_Kategorie" class="mw-redirect" title="Kovollständige Kategorie">kovollständig</a>
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<td class="erw-nav-gruppe" style="white-space: nowrap;text-align: right;border: 1px solid transparent;border-top: 1px solid #FFF;border-bottom: 2px solid #FFF;padding: 0 1em;"><b>Typen von Objekten</b>
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<p><a href="Anfangsobjekt%2C_Endobjekt_und_Nullobjekt" title="Anfangsobjekt, Endobjekt und Nullobjekt">initial</a> | <a href="Anfangsobjekt%2C_Endobjekt_und_Nullobjekt" title="Anfangsobjekt, Endobjekt und Nullobjekt">terminal</a> | <a href="Anfangsobjekt%2C_Endobjekt_und_Nullobjekt" title="Anfangsobjekt, Endobjekt und Nullobjekt">null</a> | <a href="Injektives_Objekt" title="Injektives Objekt">injektiv</a> | <a href="Projektives_Objekt" title="Projektives Objekt">projektiv</a> | <a href="Generator_und_Kogenerator" title="Generator und Kogenerator">Generator</a> | <a href="Kogenerator" class="mw-redirect" title="Kogenerator">Kogenerator</a> | <a href="Ind-Objekte_und_Pro-Objekte" title="Ind-Objekte und Pro-Objekte">Pro</a> | <a href="Ind-Objekte_und_Pro-Objekte" title="Ind-Objekte und Pro-Objekte">Ind</a> | <a href="Gruppenobjekt" title="Gruppenobjekt">Gruppe</a> | <a href="Monoid-Objekt" title="Monoid-Objekt">Monoid</a> | <a href="Exponentiales_Objekt" title="Exponentiales Objekt">exponential</a> | <a href="Freies_Objekt" title="Freies Objekt">frei</a> | <a href="Kompaktes_Objekt" title="Kompaktes Objekt">kompakt</a>
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<td class="erw-nav-gruppe" style="white-space: nowrap;text-align: right;border: 1px solid transparent;border-top: 1px solid #FFF;border-bottom: 2px solid #FFF;padding: 0 1em;"><b>Typen von Morphismen</b>
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<p><a href="Monomorphismus" title="Monomorphismus">Mono</a> | <a href="Epimorphismus" title="Epimorphismus">Epi</a> | <a href="Bimorphismus" title="Bimorphismus">Bi</a> | <a href="Retraktion_und_Koretraktion" title="Retraktion und Koretraktion">Retraktion</a> | <a href="Koretraktion" class="mw-redirect" title="Koretraktion">Koretraktion</a> | <a href="Injektive_Aufl%C3%B6sung" title="Injektive Auflösung">Injektive Auflösung</a> | <a href="Projektive_Aufl%C3%B6sung" title="Projektive Auflösung">Projektive Auflösung</a>
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<td class="erw-nav-gruppe" style="white-space: nowrap;text-align: right;border: 1px solid transparent;border-top: 1px solid #FFF;border-bottom: 1px solid #FFF;padding: 0 1em;"><b>Typen von Funktoren</b>
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<p><a href="Konstanter_Funktor" title="Konstanter Funktor">konstant</a> | <a href="Voller_Funktor" class="mw-redirect" title="Voller Funktor">voll</a> | <a href="Treuer_Funktor" title="Treuer Funktor">treu</a> | <a href="Volltreuer_Funktor" class="mw-redirect" title="Volltreuer Funktor">volltreu</a> | <a href="Additiver_Funktor" title="Additiver Funktor">additiv</a> | <a href="Exakter_Funktor" title="Exakter Funktor">exakt</a> | <a href="Abgeleiteter_Funktor" title="Abgeleiteter Funktor">abgeleitet</a> | <a href="Glatter_Funktor" title="Glatter Funktor">glatt</a>
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<td class="erw-nav-gruppe" style="white-space: nowrap;text-align: right;border: 1px solid transparent;border-top: 1px solid #FFF;border-bottom: 2px solid #FFF;padding: 0 1em;"><b>Konstruktionen</b>
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<td class="erw-nav-gruppe" style="white-space: nowrap;text-align: right;border: 1px solid transparent;border-top: 1px solid #FFF;border-bottom: 2px solid #FFF;padding: 0 1em;"><b><a href="Limes_(Kategorientheorie)" title="Limes (Kategorientheorie)">Limes</a></b>
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<p><a href="Produkt_und_Koprodukt" title="Produkt und Koprodukt">Produkt</a> | <a href="Differenzkern" title="Differenzkern">Differenzkern</a> | <a href="Faserprodukt" title="Faserprodukt">Faserprodukt</a> | <a href="Ende_(Kategorientheorie)" title="Ende (Kategorientheorie)">Ende</a>
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<td class="erw-nav-gruppe" style="white-space: nowrap;text-align: right;border: 1px solid transparent;border-top: 1px solid #FFF;border-bottom: 1px solid #FFF;padding: 0 1em;"><b><a href="Kolimes" title="Kolimes">Kolimes</a></b>
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<p><a href="Filtrierter_Kolimes" title="Filtrierter Kolimes">Filtrierter Kolimes</a> | <a href="Koprodukt" class="mw-redirect" title="Koprodukt">Koprodukt</a> | <a href="Differenzkokern" title="Differenzkokern">Differenzkokern</a> | <a href="Kofaserprodukt" class="mw-redirect" title="Kofaserprodukt">Kofaserprodukt</a>
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<p><a href="Kan-Erweiterung" title="Kan-Erweiterung">Kan-Erweiterung</a> | <a href="Monade_(Kategorientheorie)" title="Monade (Kategorientheorie)">Monade</a> | <a href="Komonade" title="Komonade">Komonade</a> | <a href="Kategorie_der_Elemente" title="Kategorie der Elemente">Kategorie der Elemente</a> | <a href="Kommakategorie" title="Kommakategorie">Kommakategorie</a> | <a href="Pfeilkategorie" title="Pfeilkategorie">Pfeilkategorie</a> | <a href="Homotopie-Kategorie" title="Homotopie-Kategorie">Homotopie-Kategorie</a>
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<td class="erw-nav-gruppe" style="white-space: nowrap;text-align: right;border: 1px solid transparent;border-top: 1px solid #FFF;border-bottom: 2px solid #FFF;padding: 0 1em;"><b>Resultate</b>
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<p><a href="Lemma_von_Yoneda" title="Lemma von Yoneda">Lemma von Yoneda</a> | <a href="Fixpunktsatz_von_Lawvere" title="Fixpunktsatz von Lawvere">Fixpunktsatz von Lawvere</a> | <a href="Einbettungssatz_von_Mitchell" title="Einbettungssatz von Mitchell">Einbettungssatz von Mitchell</a>
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<td class="erw-nav-gruppe" style="white-space: nowrap;text-align: right;border: 1px solid transparent;border-top: 1px solid #FFF;border-bottom: 1px solid #FFF;padding: 0 1em;"><b>Spezielle Funktoren</b>
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<p><a href="Hom-Funktor" title="Hom-Funktor">Hom-Funktor</a> | <a href="Potenzmengenfunktor" title="Potenzmengenfunktor">Potenzmengenfunktor</a> | <a href="Diagonalfunktor" title="Diagonalfunktor">Diagonalfunktor</a> | <a href="Ext-Funktor" class="mw-redirect" title="Ext-Funktor">Ext</a> | <a href="Tor-Funktor" class="mw-redirect" title="Tor-Funktor">Tor</a>
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